Q1. Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs?
a) Right atrium
b) Left atrium
c) Right ventricle
d) Left ventricle
Answer: b) Left atrium (Receives blood via pulmonary veins)
Q2. Largest artery in human body is:
a) Pulmonary artery
b) Coronary artery
c) Aorta
d) Carotid artery
Answer: c) Aorta (Originates from left ventricle, diameter ≈ 2.5 cm)
Q3. Normal human blood pressure is:
a) 120/80 mmHg
b) 140/90 mmHg
c) 100/60 mmHg
d) 160/100 mmHg
Answer: a) 120/80 mmHg (Systolic/diastolic pressure)
Q4. Which blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport?
a) WBCs
b) RBCs
c) Platelets
d) Plasma
Answer: b) RBCs (Contain hemoglobin, lifespan ≈ 120 days)
Q5. Pacemaker of heart is:
a) SA node
b) AV node
c) Bundle of His
d) Purkinje fibers
Answer: a) SA node (Sinoatrial node, generates 60-100 impulses/min)
Q6. Which blood group is universal donor?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O negative
Answer: d) O negative (No antigens on RBCs)
Q7. The liquid part of blood is called:
a) Lymph
b) Plasma
c) Serum
d) Hemoglobin
Answer: b) Plasma (55% of blood volume, contains proteins)
Q8. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin K
Answer: d) Vitamin K (Required for prothrombin synthesis)
Q9. Study of blood is called:
a) Cardiology
b) Hematology
c) Angiology
d) Pathology
Answer: b) Hematology
Q10. Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood to heart?
a) Pulmonary vein
b) Pulmonary artery
c) Superior vena cava
d) Aorta
Answer: c) Superior vena cava (Returns blood from upper body)
Q11. Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
a) Tricuspid valve
b) Pulmonary valve
c) Mitral valve
d) Aortic valve
Answer: c) Mitral valve (Also called bicuspid valve, prevents backflow to lungs)
Q12. The heart's natural pacemaker is the:
a) AV node
b) Bundle of His
c) SA node
d) Purkinje fibers
Answer: c) SA node (Sinoatrial node generates 60-100 impulses/minute)
Q13. Hemoglobin contains which mineral for oxygen transport?
a) Calcium
b) Iron
c) Sodium
d) Potassium
Answer: b) Iron (Each hemoglobin molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules)
Q14. Which blood cells produce antibodies?
a) Erythrocytes
b) Lymphocytes
c) Thrombocytes
d) Monocytes
Answer: b) Lymphocytes (B-cells produce antibodies, T-cells attack pathogens)
Q15. Which circulation carries blood to the lungs?
a) Systemic
b) Coronary
c) Pulmonary
d) Portal
Answer: c) Pulmonary (Right ventricle → lungs → left atrium)
Q16. Hypertension is defined as BP above:
a) 120/80 mmHg
b) 130/85 mmHg
c) 140/90 mmHg
d) 160/100 mmHg
Answer: c) 140/90 mmHg (Stage 1 hypertension threshold)
Q17. The thickest chamber of the heart is:
a) Right atrium
b) Left atrium
c) Right ventricle
d) Left ventricle
Answer: d) Left ventricle (Pumps blood to entire body, wall thickness ~1.5 cm)
Q18. The 'lub-dub' heart sounds are produced by:
a) Blood flow through arteries
b) Closing of heart valves
c) Contraction of ventricles
d) Electrical impulses
Answer: b) Closing of heart valves (Lub=AV valves close; Dub=semilunar valves close)
Q18. Which blood component is responsible for clotting?
a) Erythrocytes
b) Leukocytes
c) Thrombocytes
d) Plasma
Answer: c) Thrombocytes (Platelets form clots at injury sites)
Q19. Hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity is reduced by:
a) Vitamin C
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Glucose
d) Sodium
Answer: b) Carbon monoxide (Binds hemoglobin 200x stronger than oxygen)
Q20. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from:
a) Heart to liver
b) Liver to heart
c) Digestive organs to liver
d) Liver to intestines
Answer: c) Digestive organs to liver (Nutrient-rich blood for processing)
Q21. A sphygmomanometer measures:
a) Heart rate
b) Blood pressure
c) Oxygen saturation
d) Cardiac output
Answer: b) Blood pressure (Uses mmHg units)
Q22. Which heart valve has three cusps?
a) Mitral valve
b) Tricuspid valve
c) Aortic valve
d) Pulmonary valve
Answer: b) Tricuspid valve (Located between right atrium and ventricle)
Q23. The cardiac cycle's 'lub' sound is caused by:
a) Closing of semilunar valves
b) Closing of atrioventricular valves
c) Ventricular contraction
d) Atrial relaxation
Answer: b) Closing of atrioventricular valves (Occurs during ventricular systole)
Q24. Coronary arteries supply blood to:
a) Lungs
b) Heart muscle
c) Brain
d) Liver
Answer: b) Heart muscle (First branches of the aorta)
Q25. Which leukocyte is most abundant in human blood?
a) Lymphocyte
b) Monocyte
c) Neutrophil
d) Eosinophil
Answer: c) Neutrophil (50-70% of WBCs, first responders to infection)
Q26. The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately:
a) 7 days
b) 30 days
c) 120 days
d) 1 year
Answer: c) 120 days (Removed by spleen when aged)
Q28. The only artery carrying deoxygenated blood is:
a) Aorta
b) Pulmonary artery
c) Coronary artery
d) Carotid artery
Answer: b) Pulmonary artery (Carries blood from heart to lungs)
Q29. The mitral valve is located between:
a) Right atrium and right ventricle
b) Left atrium and left ventricle
c) Left ventricle and aorta
d) Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Answer: b) Left atrium and left ventricle (Also called bicuspid valve, prevents backflow to lungs)
Q30. Cardiac output is calculated as:
a) Heart rate × blood pressure
b) Stroke volume × heart rate
c) Blood volume × heart rate
d) Stroke volume × blood pressure
Answer: b) Stroke volume × heart rate (Normal range: 4-8 L/min at rest)
Q31. Which blood cell lacks a nucleus at maturity?
a) Neutrophil
b) Lymphocyte
c) Erythrocyte
d) Monocyte
Answer: c) Erythrocyte (Red blood cells lose nuclei to carry more hemoglobin)
Q32. The normal platelet count ranges between:
a) 1,000-5,000/μL
b) 50,000-100,000/μL
c) 150,000-450,000/μL
d) 500,000-1,000,000/μL
Answer: c) 150,000-450,000/μL (Critical for clotting)
Q33. The hepatic portal system carries blood from:
a) Heart to liver
b) Liver to heart
c) Digestive organs to liver
d) Liver to intestines
Answer: c) Digestive organs to liver (Nutrient-rich blood for processing before systemic circulation)
Q34. Which condition results from insufficient hemoglobin?
a) Leukemia
b) Anemia
c) Thrombocytopenia
d) Polycythemia
Answer: b) Anemia (Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity)
Q35. Iron deficiency anemia primarily affects which blood component?
a) Leukocytes
b) Thrombocytes
c) Erythrocytes
d) Plasma
Answer: c) Erythrocytes (Reduced hemoglobin production due to low iron)
Q36. A patient with 3.2 million RBCs/μL likely has:
a) Polycythemia
b) Leukemia
c) Anemia
d) Thrombocytopenia
Answer: c) Anemia (Normal range: 4.5-5.5 million/μL)
Q37. Which condition shows narrowed coronary arteries in angiography?
a) Myocardial infarction
b) Atherosclerosis
c) Arrhythmia
d) Pericarditis
Answer: b) Atherosclerosis (Plaque buildup in arteries)
Q38. Ventricular fibrillation is detected by:
a) Regular ECG waves
b) Absent P waves
c) Chaotic ECG baseline
d) Elevated ST segment
Answer: c) Chaotic ECG baseline (Life-threatening arrhythmia)
Q39. Varicose veins result from faulty:
a) Arterial valves
b) Venous valves
c) Capillary walls
d) Heart valves
Answer: b) Venous valves (Causes blood pooling in legs)
Q40. Troponin levels are checked to diagnose:
a) Stroke
b) Heart attack
c) Anemia
d) Hypertension
Answer: b) Heart attack (Cardiac muscle damage marker)
Q41. Pernicious anemia results from deficiency of:
a) Iron
b) Vitamin B12
c) Folic acid
d) Vitamin K
Answer: b) Vitamin B12
Explanation: Caused by impaired absorption of B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor from stomach lining. Leads to large, immature RBCs (megaloblasts).
Q42. A patient with 600,000 platelets/μL likely has:
a) Thrombocytopenia
b) Thrombocytosis
c) Leukocytosis
d) Anemia
Answer: b) Thrombocytosis
Explanation: Normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000/μL. Elevated counts (>450,000) may cause abnormal clotting.
Q43. Which ECG finding indicates myocardial ischemia?
a) Peaked T waves
b) ST segment depression
c) Prolonged PR interval
d) Wide QRS complex
Answer: b) ST segment depression
Explanation: ST depression ≥0.5 mm in two contiguous leads suggests reduced blood flow to heart muscle.
Q44. Right-sided heart failure typically causes:
a) Pulmonary edema
b) Jugular vein distension
c) Hypertension
d) Bounding pulse
Answer: b) Jugular vein distension
Explanation: Blood backs up in systemic circulation, causing neck vein engorgement, liver congestion, and peripheral edema.
Q45. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) most commonly occurs in:
a) Arm veins
b) Leg veins
c) Coronary arteries
d) Cerebral veins
Answer: b) Leg veins
Explanation: Stasis in lower extremities (especially during prolonged immobility) promotes clot formation in deep leg veins.
Q46. Elevated LDL cholesterol is most associated with:
a) Atherosclerosis
b) Hemophilia
c) Sickle cell anemia
d) Leukemia
Answer: a) Atherosclerosis
Explanation: LDL ("bad cholesterol") deposits in arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow blood vessels.
Q47. Which intervention is most critical during a vaso-occlusive crisis?
a) Blood transfusion
b) High-flow oxygen
c) Intravenous hydration
d) Iron supplementation
Answer: c) Intravenous hydration
Explanation: Hydration (3-4L/day) reduces blood viscosity and prevents further sickling. Oxygen is only given if hypoxic, and transfusions are reserved for severe cases (Hb <5 g/dL).
Q48. Cardiac Biomarkers
Which marker rises first in myocardial infarction?
a) Troponin I
b) CK-MB
c) Myoglobin
d) LDH
Answer: c) Myoglobin
Explanation: Myoglobin rises within 1-3 hours (earliest marker), while troponin peaks at 12-24hrs but remains elevated for 7-10 days (most specific).
Q49. Malignant hypertension primarily damages which organ?
a) Liver
b) Kidneys
c) Lungs
d) Spleen
Answer: b) Kidneys
Explanation: BP >180/120 mmHg causes fibrinoid necrosis of renal arterioles, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and rapid creatinine rise.
Q50. Atrial fibrillation shows which characteristic pattern?
a) Regular P waves before every QRS
b) Sawtooth flutter waves
c) Absent P waves with irregular rhythm
d) Prolonged QT interval
Answer: c) Absent P waves with irregular rhythm
Explanation: AFib displays erratic baseline with unpredictable QRS spacing. Flutter (choice b) has regular atrial waves at 250-350/min.
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