Q1. Insect brain consists of:
a) Protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, tritocerebrum
b) Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla
c) Supraesophageal ganglia, subesophageal ganglia
d) Only protocerebrum
Answer: a) Protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, tritocerebrum
Explanation: The insect brain is a fusion of these three ganglia, controlling vision, antennae, and labrum (NEET 2021).
Q2. Neurosecretory cells in insects are located in the:
a) Corpora cardiaca
b) Corpora allata
c) Protocerebrum
d) Ventral nerve cord
Answer: c) Protocerebrum
Explanation: These cells secrete hormones like PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone).
Q3. Frog's midbrain contains:
a) Cerebellum
b) Optic lobes
c) Olfactory lobes
d) Medulla oblongata
Answer: b) Optic lobes
Explanation: Optic lobes (corpora bigemina) process visual information (NEET 2020).
Q4. Neurotransmitter at frog neuromuscular junctions is:
a) Dopamine
b) Acetylcholine
c) Serotonin
d) GABA
Answer: b) Acetylcholine
Explanation: ACh is the excitatory neurotransmitter at vertebrate NMJs.
Q5. Accessory glands in male insects secrete:
a) Spermatophores
b) Yolk proteins
c) Pheromones
d) Silk
Answer: a) Spermatophores
Explanation: These protect sperm during transfer (e.g., in cockroaches).
Q6. Polytrophic ovarioles are found in:
a) Butterflies
b) Honeybees
c) Mosquitoes
d) Houseflies
Answer: b) Honeybees
Explanation: Nurse cells nourish each oocyte sequentially (NEET 2022).
Q7. Fertilization in frogs is:
a) Internal
b) External
c) Both
d) None
Answer: b) External
Explanation: Occurs in water during amplexus (NEET 2021).
Q8. Bidder's canal is present in:
a) Male frog kidneys
b) Female frog ovaries
c) Frog’s brain
d) Spinal cord
Answer: a) Male frog kidneys
Explanation: Transports sperm from testes to ureter.
Q9. Both insects and frogs have:
a) Myelin sheath
b) Chemical synapses
c) Meninges
d) Corpus callosum
Answer: b) Chemical synapses
Explanation: Neurotransmitters are used in both, though insects lack myelin.
Q10. A structure absent in frogs but present in insects:
a) Malpighian tubules
b) Optic lobes
c) Spinal cord
d) Pituitary gland
Answer: a) Malpighian tubules
Explanation: Insects use these for excretion; frogs have kidneys.
Q11. Synaptic transmission in insects uses primarily:
a) Electrical synapses
b) Chemical synapses with acetylcholine
c) Chemical synapses with octopamine
d) Gap junctions
Answer: c) Chemical synapses with octopamine
Explanation: Insects use octopamine as a key neurotransmitter, unlike vertebrates which use acetylcholine (NEET 2021).
Q12. Johnston's organ in insects is located in the:
a) Antennae
b) Compound eyes
c) Wings
d) Legs
Answer: a) Antennae
Explanation: This auditory organ detects sound vibrations in mosquitoes and other insects (NEET 2022).
Q13. The cranial nerve absent in frogs but present in humans is:
a) Optic nerve
b) Vagus nerve
c) Hypoglossal nerve
d) Olfactory nerve
Answer: c) Hypoglossal nerve
Explanation: Frogs lack cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) found in mammals (NEET 2020).
Q4. Frog's spinal cord extends to the:
a) Sacral vertebra
b) Urostyle
c) 3rd vertebra
d) It doesn't have a spinal cord
Answer: b) Urostyle
Explanation: The cord runs through the vertebral column ending at the fused urostyle bone.
Q5. The spermatheca in female insects functions to:
a) Produce eggs
b) Store sperm
c) Secrete pheromones
d) Digest food
Answer: b) Store sperm
Explanation: This sac stores sperm for prolonged periods in species like honeybees (NEET 2023).
Q6. Which insect shows haplodiploid sex determination?
a) Cockroach
b) Butterfly
c) Honeybee
d) Mosquito
Answer: c) Honeybee
Explanation: Unfertilized eggs become males (haploid), fertilized become females (diploid).
Q7. The cloacal aperture in frogs is used for:
a) Only reproduction
b) Only excretion
c) Both reproduction and excretion
d) Respiration
Answer: c) Both reproduction and excretion
Explanation: Common opening for urinary, genital, and digestive tracts (NEET 2021).
Q8. Bidder's canal connects:
a) Testes to kidneys
b) Ovaries to oviducts
c) Brain to spinal cord
d) Lungs to heart
Answer: a) Testes to kidneys
Explanation: Found in male frogs, it transports sperm to the ureter.
Q9. Both frog and insect nervous systems have:
a) Myelinated neurons
b) Ventral nerve cord
c) Corpora quadrigemina
d) Meninges
Answer: b) Ventral nerve cord
Explanation: While organized differently, both possess this structure (insects: solid chain; frogs: hollow tube).
Q10. A structure present in insects but absent in frogs:
a) Optic lobes
b) Compound eyes
c) Spinal cord
d) Pituitary gland
Answer: b) Compound eyes
Explanation: Insects have faceted compound eyes; frogs have simple eyes.
Q11. In silkworms, juvenile hormone is secreted by:
a) Corpora cardiaca
b) Corpora allata
c) Protocerebrum
d) Subesophageal ganglion
Answer: b) Corpora allata
Explanation: JH prevents metamorphosis during larval stages (NEET 2023).
Q12. Frog's optic lobes are homologous to mammalian:
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum
c) Corpora quadrigemina
d) Medulla oblongata
Answer: c) Corpora quadrigemina
Explanation: Both process visual and auditory reflexes.
Q13. The neuropile in insect ganglia primarily consists of:
a) Neuron cell bodies
b) Synaptic connections
c) Glial cells
d) Tracheal tubes
Answer: b) Synaptic connections
Explanation: The neuropile is the dense network of axon terminals and dendrites where synaptic transmission occurs (NEET 2021).
Q14. Which structure coordinates flight in insects?
a) Protocerebrum
b) Subesophageal ganglion
c) Thoracic ganglia
d) Corpora allata
Answer: c) Thoracic ganglia
Explanation: The fused thoracic ganglia control wing movements during flight (NEET 2022).
Q15. The frog's cerebellum is poorly developed because:
a) Limited limb movements
b) Absence of ears
c) No need for balance
d) Aquatic habitat
Answer: a) Limited limb movements
Explanation: Simple movements require less cerebellar coordination compared to mammals (NEET 2020).
Q16. The frog's spinal nerves are:
a) Only sensory
b) Only motor
c) Mixed
d) Absent
Answer: c) Mixed
Explanation: Each spinal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibers (NEET 2021).
Q18. Ovipositor in female insects is derived from:
a) 8th and 9th abdominal segments
b) Thoracic segments
c) Mouthparts
d) Antennae
Answer: a) 8th and 9th abdominal segments
Explanation: Modified appendages form this egg-laying structure (NEET 2023).
Q19. In honeybees, drones develop from:
a) Fertilized eggs
b) Unfertilized eggs
c) Larvae fed royal jelly
d) Pupae
Answer: b) Unfertilized eggs
Explanation: Haploid males result from arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.
Q20. Cortical reaction in frog eggs prevents:
a) Polyspermy
b) Cleavage
c) Gastrulation
d) Implantation
Answer: a) Polyspermy
Explanation: Cortical granules release enzymes hardening the vitelline membrane (NEET 2022).
Q21. Frog tadpoles respire through:
a) Lungs only
b) Gills only
c) Skin and gills
d) Buccal cavity
Answer: c) Skin and gills
Explanation: External gills appear first, later replaced by internal gills with cutaneous respiration.
Q22. Both frog and insect nervous systems lack:
a) Chemical synapses
b) Myelin sheath
c) Glial cells
d) Sensory receptors
Answer: b) Myelin sheath
Explanation: Only vertebrates have myelinated axons (frogs have thin myelin).
Q23. Corpora allata in insects is functionally similar to:
a) Frog's pituitary
b) Frog's thyroid
c) Frog's adrenal
d) Frog's pineal
Answer: a) Frog's pituitary
Explanation: Both are endocrine glands controlling metamorphosis/development.
Q24. PTTH in insects acts on:
a) Prothoracic glands
b) Ovaries
c) Malpighian tubules
d) Compound eyes
Answer: a) Prothoracic glands
Explanation: Prothoracicotropic hormone stimulates ecdysone secretion (NEET 2023).
Q25. Frog's vomerine teeth function to:
a) Chew food
b) Hold prey
c) Produce venom
d) Filter water
Answer: b) Hold prey
Explanation: These small teeth prevent prey escape (NEET 2021).
Q26. Structure labeled 'X' controlling antennae is:
a) Protocerebrum
b) Deutocerebrum
c) Tritocerebrum
d) Subesophageal ganglion
Answer: b) Deutocerebrum
Explanation: Processes sensory input from antennae.
Q27. A female cockroach with 10 ovarioles per ovary can produce:
a) 10 oothecae
b) 15-40 eggs/ootheca
c) 100 eggs/day
d) Live young
Answer: b) 15-40 eggs/ootheca
Explanation: Each ootheca contains multiple eggs from paired ovarioles.
Q28. Mushroom bodies in insect brains are primarily associated with:
a) Visual processing
b) Olfactory learning and memory
c) Flight coordination
d) Sound detection
Answer: b) Olfactory learning and memory
Explanation: Mushroom bodies (corpora pedunculata) are higher-order brain centers for sensory integration and memory formation (NEET 2023).
Q29. The electrical potential in insect nerves is maintained by:
a) Sodium-potassium pump
b) Calcium channels
c) Chloride pumps
d) Proton gradients
Answer: a) Sodium-potassium pump
Explanation: Like vertebrates, insects maintain resting membrane potential through Na+/K+ ATPase (3Na+ out/2K+ in).
Q30. The frog's medulla oblongata controls:
a) Voluntary movements
b) Visual reflexes
c) Basic life functions (respiration, heartbeat)
d) Memory formation
Answer: c) Basic life functions (respiration, heartbeat)
Explanation: The medulla regulates autonomic functions, similar to mammals (NEET 2021).
Q31. Cranial nerves absent in frogs but present in humans include:
a) Optic and oculomotor
b) Accessory and hypoglossal
c) Trigeminal and facial
d) Vagus and glossopharyngeal
Answer: b) Accessory and hypoglossal
Explanation: Frogs lack cranial nerves XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal).
Q32. The spermathecal gland in female insects functions to:
a) Nourish developing oocytes
b) Activate stored sperm
c) Produce eggshells
d) Secrete pheromones
Answer: b) Activate stored sperm
Explanation: It secretes substances that maintain sperm viability in storage (NEET 2022).
Q33. In Drosophila, the sex comb is a characteristic of:
a) Females
b) Males
c) Larvae
d) Pupae
Answer: b) Males
Explanation: Modified bristles on male forelegs used during mating (NEET 2023).
Q34. The jelly layers around frog eggs are secreted by:
a) The egg itself
b) Oviducts
c) Ovaries
d) Cloacal glands
Answer: b) Oviducts
Explanation: As eggs pass through oviducts, multiple jelly layers are added (NEET 2021).
Q35. Gray crescent in frog eggs marks the future:
a) Mouth
b) Dorsal side
c) Ventral side
d) Blastopore
Answer: b) Dorsal side
Explanation: This pigmented area establishes the dorsal-ventral axis during development.
Q36. Both frog and insect nervous systems utilize:
a) Myelinated axons
b) Electrical synapses
c) Neurotransmitter recycling
d) Oligodendrocytes
Answer: b) Electrical synapses
Explanation: Both have gap junctions for rapid signal transmission, though insects lack myelin.
Q37. Insect ventral nerve cord differs from frog spinal cord in being:
a) Hollow
b) Paired
c) Segmented
d) Myelinated
Answer: c) Segmented
Explanation: Insect nerve cord has segmental ganglia, while frog spinal cord is continuous.
Q38. RNA interference in insects is being explored to control:
a) Flight patterns
b) Disease vectors
c) Pollination efficiency
d) Metamorphosis timing
Answer: b) Disease vectors
Explanation: Gene silencing in mosquitoes to prevent disease transmission (NEET 2023).
Q39. Frog skin secretions contain peptides useful for:
a) Antibiotic development
b) Neurotransmitter synthesis
c) Egg fertilization
d) Tadpole nutrition
Answer: a) Antibiotic development
Explanation: Antimicrobial peptides like magainins have medical applications.
Q40. Electrical potential in insect nerves is maintained by:
a) Sodium-potassium pump
b) Calcium channels
c) Chloride pumps
d) Proton gradients
Answer: a) Sodium-potassium pump
Explanation: Like vertebrates, insects maintain resting membrane potential through Na+/K+ ATPase (3Na+ out/2K+ in).
Q41. Frog's medulla oblongata controls:
a) Voluntary movements
b) Visual reflexes
c) Basic life functions (respiration, heartbeat)
d) Memory formation
Answer: c) Basic life functions (respiration, heartbeat)
Explanation: The medulla regulates autonomic functions, similar to mammals (NEET 2021).
Q42. Cranial nerves absent in frogs but present in humans include:
a) Optic and oculomotor
b) Accessory and hypoglossal
c) Trigeminal and facial
d) Vagus and glossopharyngeal
Answer: b) Accessory and hypoglossal
Explanation: Frogs lack cranial nerves XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal).
Q43. Spermathecal gland in female insects functions to:
a) Nourish developing oocytes
b) Activate stored sperm
c) Produce eggshells
d) Secrete pheromones
Answer: b) Activate stored sperm
Explanation: It secretes substances that maintain sperm viability in storage (NEET 2022).
Q44. In Drosophila, the sex comb is a characteristic of:
a) Females
b) Males
c) Larvae
d) Pupae
Answer: b) Males
Explanation: Modified bristles on male forelegs used during mating (NEET 2023).
Q45. Jelly layers around frog eggs are secreted by:
a) The egg itself
b) Oviducts
c) Ovaries
d) Cloacal glands
Answer: b) Oviducts
Explanation: As eggs pass through oviducts, multiple jelly layers are added (NEET 2021).
Q46. Gray crescent in frog eggs marks the future:
a) Mouth
b) Dorsal side
c) Ventral side
d) Blastopore
Answer: b) Dorsal side
Explanation: This pigmented area establishes the dorsal-ventral axis during development.
Q47. Both frog and insect nervous systems utilize:
a) Myelinated axons
b) Electrical synapses
c) Neurotransmitter recycling
d) Oligodendrocytes
Answer: b) Electrical synapses
Explanation: Both have gap junctions for rapid signal transmission, though insects lack myelin.
Q48. Insect ventral nerve cord differs from frog spinal cord in being:
a) Hollow
b) Paired
c) Segmented
d) Myelinated
Answer: c) Segmented
Explanation: Insect nerve cord has segmental ganglia, while frog spinal cord is continuous.
Q49. RNA interference in insects is being explored to control:
a) Flight patterns
b) Disease vectors
c) Pollination efficiency
d) Metamorphosis timing
Answer: b) Disease vectors
Explanation: Gene silencing in mosquitoes to prevent disease transmission (NEET 2023).
Q50. Frog skin secretions contain peptides useful for:
a) Antibiotic development
b) Neurotransmitter synthesis
c) Egg fertilization
d) Tadpole nutrition
Answer: a) Antibiotic development
Explanation: Antimicrobial peptides like magainins have medical applications.
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